Prop | Pyra |
Pyri | Q | R | S
NAME:
Procymidone
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (fungicide, herbicide)
DESCRIPTION:
Procymidone is a pesticide. It is often used for killing unwanted ferns and
nettles, and as adicarboximide fungicide for killing fungi. It is a known
endocrine disruptor (androgen receptor antagonist
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
Procymidone, fludioxonil, and pyrimethanil are widely used to control the
pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea in Champagne's vineyards. These fungicides
may end up in surface waters and present potential risks for aquatic vascular
plants and algae. Therefore, their toxicity was evaluated on Lemna minor and
Scenedesmus acutus in six-day or 48-h tests, respectively. Based on growth and
chlorophyll (Chl) content of L. minor and S. acutus cultures, the results
showed that the alga was the most sensitive to the fungicides. Among the
fungicides, pyrimethanil was the most toxic for L. minor, its nominal IC50 was
46.16 mg l(-1) and that of the other two was >100 mg l(-1). In contrast, pyrimethanil
appeared the least toxic for S. acutus at low concentration, nominal IC50 were
22.81, 4.85, and 4.55 mg l (-1) for pyrimethanil, fludioxonil, and procymidone,
respectively.
NAME: Prodiamine
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (herbicide)
DESCRIPTION:
Prodiamine is a preemergent herbicide for the control of crabgrass. Properly
applied, it will prevent the germination of crabgrass in lawns. It is yellow
colored liquid with little odor.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
Some chemicals, such as prodiamine, have relatively mild toxicity, but they
have been known to cause cancer and disrupt endocrine, reproductive and/or
neurological functioning in cases of long-term exposure. Others can cause
severe poisoning.
NAME: Profenofos
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (insecticide)
DESCRIPTION:
Profenofos, an organophosphorus insecticide, was first evaluated by the JMPR in
1990 and has been reviewed for residue in 1992, 1994 and 1995. It was listed
for periodic re-evaluation for residue evaluation at the 39th Session of the
CCPR by the 2008 JMPR. The toxicology of profenofos was reevaluated by the 2007
JMPR which estimated an ADI of 0Ð0.03 mg/kg bw and an ARfD of1 mg/kg bw.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
Profenofos is considered as one of the male reproductive toxicants.
Furthermore, we propose that the above three steroidogenic-related genes and
the gene of acrosomal reaction as potential biomarkers of testicular toxicity.
NAME: Profenofos
metabolite
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (insecticide)
DESCRIPTION:
Profenofos, an organophosphorus insecticide, was first evaluated by the JMPR in
1990 and has been reviewed for residue in 1992, 1994 and 1995. It was listed
for periodic re-evaluation for residue evaluation at the 39th Session of the
CCPR by the 2008 JMPR. The toxicology of profenofos was reevaluated by the 2007
JMPR which estimated an ADI of 0Ð0.03 mg/kg bw and an ARfD of 1 mg/kg bw were
established.
HEALTH
PROBLEMS: Profenofos and its metabolites
were determined in a case of fatal poisoning. Little profenofos and large
amounts of metabolites were detected by gas chromatography/flame photometric
detection in the acid extracts of blood and urine after methylation with
diazomethane. Four major metabolites containing phosphorus were identified with
the synthesized metabolites, namely, despropylated profenofos, desethylated
profenofos and des-S-propylated profenofos, respectively.
4-Bromo-2-chlorophenol (BCP), an aryl moiety of profenofos, was also determined
in blood and urine with high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) as free or
conjugated metabolites.
NAME: Promecarb
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (insecticide)
DESCRIPTION:
Almost odorless, colorless crystalline solid. Used as a non-systemic contact
insecticide. Not for sale or use in the USA. (EPA, 1998). PROMECARB is a carbamate ester. Carbamates
are chemically similar to, but more reactive than amides. Like amides they form
polymers such as polyurethane resins. Carbamates are incompatible with strong
acids and bases, and especially incompatible with strong reducing agents such
as hydrides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen is produced by the combination of
active metals or nitrides with carbamates. Strongly oxidizing acids, peroxides,
and hydroperoxides are incompatible with carbamates.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
It is highly toxic with the perils of 1.nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps,
diarrhea & excessive salivation sweating. 2. Lassitude & weakness. 3.
Rhinorrhea and sensation of tightness in chest may occur with inhalation
exposure. 4. Blurring or dimness of vision. Miosis tearing, ciliary muscle
spasm, loss of accommodation and ocular pain are on its credit. None of these
signs is dependable for diagnosis.
Mydriasis may be seen 5. Loss of muscle coordination, slurring of speech,
fasciculation & twitching of muscles. 6. Difficulty in breathing, excessive
secretions of saliva and of resp tract mucus, oronasal frothing, cyanosis,
pulmonary rales & rhonchi, and hypertension. 7. ... Jerky movements,
incontinence, convulsions and coma. 8. Death ... due to resp arrest of central
origin, paralysis of resp muscles, intense bronchoconstriction or all three.
NAME: Promecarb
artifact
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (insecticide)
DESCRIPTION:
Almost odorless, colorless crystalline solid. Used as a non-systemic contact
insecticide. Not for sale or use in the USA. (EPA, 1998)
HEALTH PROBLEMS: Promecarb (3-methyl-5-isopropylphenyl
N-methylcarbamate) when orally administered to rats was rapidly eliminated
primarily in the urine. Within 3 days, post treatment over 9o% of the
administered dose was eliminated generally as unidentified water soluble
components. A total of nine organosoluble metabolites were observed. Promecarb
and the phenol both free and conjugated, were present in small quantities (ca. 3%)
in the urine. The rest of the isolated products were unidentified. pure
colorless crystal. The temperature 91 ¡ C ~ 92. The water solubility of 620mg /
L, soluble in methanol, acetone, methylene chloride. LD5074 ~ ATG. 20 1950s to
the mid-carbamate insecticides may be 3-methyl-5-isopropyl - phenol and methyl
isocyanate reaction from the system. Non-Systemic tag agent, the main control
Coleoptera and Lepidoptera pests. Preparations have powder, granules, wettable
powder.
NAME:
Prometon
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (herbicide)
DESCRIPTION:
Prometon, a triazine herbicide, is used for total vegetation control on
industrial sites, on noncrop areas on farms, in and under asphalt, and to a
small extent by homeowners. Prometon has often been detected in surface water
and groundwater in studies reported in the literature, but its presence is
seldom discussed, partly because of its infrequent inclusion on lists of
herbicides used in either agricultural or urban areas. In recent large-scale
studies by the U.S. Geological Survey, prometon has been the most commonly
detected herbicide in surface water and groundwater in urban areas and the
third and fourth most commonly detected herbicide in groundwater and surface
water, respectively, in agricultural areas. It also has been detected in rain.
The frequent detection of prometon in the environment is discussed in relation
to its use practices and predicted environmental behavior. Prometon is compared
to atrazine, a structurally similar agricultural triazine herbicide that is one
of the most studied and most commonly detected herbicides found in the
hydrologic environment. The environmental data presented here demonstrate the
wide-scale occurrence of prometon in all components of the hydrologic system,
particularly in the surface water and groundwater of urban areas.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
EPA has set a lifetime Health Advisory Level for Prometon in drinking water.EPA
believes that water containing prometon at or below 100 ug/L is acceptable for
drinking every day over the course of oneÕs life time and does not pose health
concerns.
NAME: Prometryn
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (herbicide)
DESCRIPTION:
Prometryn is an herbicide applied to various foods and feed crops, primarily
cotton and celery; it has been detected in groundwater in agricultural areas in
California. Prometryn is a selective herbicide which controls annual grasses
and broadleaf weeds in cotton and celery. It inhibits photosynthesis. Prometryn
is available in wettable powder and liquid formulations.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
In humans, prometryn is slightly to moderately toxic .It is harmful if
swallowed, and exposed workers may complain of sore throat and nausea .Eye and
skin contact with the herbicide should be avoided, as should inhalation of
dust, and contamination of food and feed. Prometryn mixers, loaders, and
applicators receive the most exposure from skin and eye contact, as well as
from inhalation .Occupational exposure to triazine herbicides, the class of
herbicides within which prometryn is included, may produce some generalized
bodily, or 'systemic,' toxicity. Workers in some triazine manufacturing plants
suffer from skin irritation. Finished triazines have not been reported to cause
significant skin or mucous membrane irritation .Prometryn was not irritating to
rabbit skin. Application of 80 mgto rabbit eyes was mildly irritating.
NAME: Propachlor
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (herbicide)
DESCRIPTION:
Propachlor is an herbicide used to control grasses and broadleaf weeds in the
first season (growth establishment phase). Propachlor is used on grain sorghum
(milo), field corn, hybrid seed corn, silage corn, and for onion seed in
Washington and Oregon. Formulation types registered include: manufacturing
product (93% and96.5% a.i.); a flowable concentrate (31.5% and 42% a.i.
formulated with atrizine); and a granular (20% a.i.). Propachlor can be applied
with groundboom sprayers, tractor-drawn broadcast spreaders, and granular row
planters. Application rates vary from 3.0 to 6.0 pounds of active ingredient
per acre depending upon the application scenario.
HEALTH
PROBLEMS: Sufficient data are available
to assess the acute, subchronic, chronic toxicity and carcinogenic potential of
propachlor. Propachlor has been classified as a "Likely" human
carcinogen, based on the (a) rare stomach tumor in male Fischer 344 rats; (b)
thyroid tumors in male and ovarian granulosa/theca cell tumors in female
Sprague-Dawley rats at doses that were not adequate to assess carcinogenicity;
c) hepatocellular tumors in male CD-1 mice; (d) in vitro clastogenic activity;
and (e) tumors observed at one or more of the same sites with three
structurally-related chloroacetanilide compounds.
NAME:
Propanil
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (herbicide)
DESCRIPTION:
Propanil is an acetanilide postemergence herbicide with no residual effect. It
is used against numerous grasses and broad-leaved weeds in rice. It is
available as emulsifiable concentrates, liquid and dry flowable, low volume,
and ultra low volume (ULV) formulations.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
Propanil is toxic by ingestion and slightly toxic by dermal absorption .It is
readily absorbed into the body through ingestion, inhalation or dermal
exposure. It may cause central nervous system (CNS) depression. CNS effects
include headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and confusion. Other symptoms include
dark urine and blood (from the formation of methemoglobin), acetanilide in the
urine, chills, cyanosis (also from methemoglobin), and jaundice. Death from
respiratory failure may occur. Eating propanil may result in a burning
sensation and irritation of the mouth, throat and gut, accompanied by gagging,
coughing, nausea or vomiting. Ingestion may also cause stupor, dizziness,
fever, drowsiness and blue lips and fingernails. Inhalation of vapors can
irritate the nose and throat and cause drowsiness, slurred speech, headache,
nausea, dizziness, stupor and unconsciousness. Cardiac patients are especially
susceptible to the toxic effects of the acetanilide group of herbicides.
NAME:
Propaphos
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (insecticide)
DESCRIPTION: It
is Colourless liquid. Soluble in most organic solvents, which is stable in
neutral and acidic media, but is slowly decomposed in alkaline media.
HEALTH PROBLEMS: Based on LD50 values, acephate and propaphos
were markedly less toxic to the wolf spider, Lycosa pseudoannulata than to the
brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. Both insecticides underwent slower
penetration, poorer internal accumulation, but greater excretion in L.
pseudoannulata than in N. lugens. Acephate was mainly metabolized into its
active metabolite methamidophos by N. lugens but not by L. pseudoannulata.
Propaphos was metabolized into its active metabolites propaphos sulfoxide and
propaphos sulfone at greater level by N. lugens than by L. pseudoannulata.
However, further degradation of these metabolites into non-toxic compounds was
greater by the latter than by the former. Higher acetylcholinesterase
inhibition and the greater toxicity for N. lugens than for L. pseudoannulata
were associated with the greater activation of acephate and propaphos to their
corresponding active metabolites. Based on the results of the study, the
metabolic pathways of acephate and propaphos in the test arthropods are
proposed.
NAME:
Propargite
CLASSIFICATION: Pesticide (acaricide, insecticide)
DESCRIPTION:
Propargite is an insecticide used to control mites on a variety of field,
fruit, and vegetable crops, as well as ornamentals. It is manufactured by
Uniroyal Chemical, under the trade names Omite and Comite. It is sold in both
liquid and wettable powder formulations. Propargite is applied by aerial application,
chemigation, airblast sprayer, and high pressure handwand.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
Propargite generally has been shown to have low acute toxicity via the oral and
dermal routes of exposure. However, it is considered to be severely irritating
to both the skin and eyes, and dermal sensitization effects have been observed.
Toxicity Categories used by EPA range from 1 (most toxic) to 4 (least toxic);
for propargite, the categories are 3 for acute oral and dermal toxicity, and 1
for eye and dermal irritation. Propargite is classified as a probable human
carcinogen based on the appearance of intestinal tumors in test animals. The
cancer concern was based on a 2-year cancer bioassay conducted on Sprague
Dawley rats. In that study, propargite caused fatal tumors of the intestine in
both male and female rats.
NAME:
Propetamphos
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (insecticide)
DESCRIPTION:
Under normal conditions, Propetamphos is a yellow oily liquid, which has no
smell. Propetamphos boils at 88 degrees celsius. Propetamphos is stable under
most circumstances, but is broken down when in alkaline conditions.
Propetamphos dissolves slightly in water, but mixes readily with organic
(carbon-containing) solvents. Propetamphos is as an organophosphorus
insecticide, mainly used to control insects and mites in domestic situations
and in public buildings. These sorts of insecticides work by interfering with the
nervous system, causing paralysis and eventually death. They are chemically
similar to chemicals developed as "nerve gas" used at the time of
World War II.
HEALTH PROBLEMS: Propetamphos can enter the body either by inhalation of air containing
propetamphos, accidental ingestion, or by dermal contact with propetamphos.
Inhalation of air containing propetamphos can lead to breathing difficulties,
chest tightness, nausea, dizziness, headaches and vomiting. Inhalation of high
levels of propetamphos may lead to symptoms similar to those exhibited on
exposure to other organophosphate pesticides such as numbness, lack of
coordination, headache, tremors, nausea, abdominal cramps, blurred vision,
incontinence, convulsions and in extreme cases death. Ingestion of propetamphos
can lead to effects similar to those for inhalation. Dermal contact and
absorption of high levels of propetamphos may lead to symptoms similar to those
for inhalation and ingestion. The International Agency for Research on Cancer
has not designated propetamphos in terms of its carcinogenicity. However,
exposure to propetamphos at normal background levels is unlikely to have any
adverse effect on human health.
NAME: Propham
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (herbicide, fungicide)
DESCRIPTION: It
is an herbicide and fungicide used as a seed dressing; has little if any
toxicity. It is a light brown solid with a melting point of 87Ð88¡C; slightly
soluble in water; used as a pre- and postemergence herbicide for vegetable
crops. Abbreviated IPC (isopropyl-N-phenylcarbamate
HEALTH
PROBLEMS: There are both microbiological
and toxicity concerns. There have been no long term studies on the effects of a
diet of irradiated food on humans, for example. In addition, there are some
fruit fly larvae that could remain fertile after being irradiated, with serious
biosecurity consequences for New Zealand. Irradiation, far from being a panacea
for bacterial and viral problems, can be used to disguise unacceptable levels
of hygiene during the production, processing and handling of food.
NAME:
Propiconazole-II
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (fungicide)
DESCRIPTION:
Propiconazole is a systemic foliar fungicide with a broad range of activity. It
is used on grasses grown for seed, mushrooms, corn, wild rice, peanuts,
almonds, sorghum, oats, pecans, apricots, peaches, nectarines, plums and
prunes. On cereals it controls diseases caused by Erysiphe graminis,
Leptosphaeria nodorum, Pseudocerosporella herpotrichoides, Puccinia spp.,
Pyrenophora teres, Rhynchosporium secalis, and Septoria spp.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
The acute toxicity to mammals for propiconazole technical are an acute oral
LD50 for rats of 1,517 mg/kg and 1,344 mg/kg for rabbits. The acute dermal LD50
for rabbit was reported to be >4,000 mg/kg. Propiconazole was considered a
slight irritant in rabbit skin and eye irritation studies. A skin sensitization
study in guinea pigs demonstrated no allergic effect.
NAME:
Propisochlor
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (herbicide)
DESCRIPTION:
Propisochlor is one of the 295 substances of the fourth stage of the review
programme covered by Commission Regulation (EC) No 2229/20043, as amended by
Commission Regulation (EC) No 1095/20074 . In accordance with the Regulation,
at the request of the Commission of the European Communities (hereafter
referred to as Ôthe CommissionÕ), the EFSA organised a peer review of the
initial evaluation, i.e. the Draft Assessment Report (DAR), provided by
Hungary, being the designated rapporteur Member State (RMS). The peer review
process was subsequently terminated following the applicantÕs decision, in
accordance with Article 24e, to withdraw support for the inclusion of
propisochlor in Annex I to Council Directive 91/414/EEC.
HEALTH PROBLEMS: Low acute
toxicity is observed when propisochlor is administered by the oral, dermal and inhalation
routes. No skin or eye irritation was
observed, but there was potential for skin sensitisation. The main effect is decreased body weight upon
short-term and long-term exposure in rats and mice.
NAME: Propoxur
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide ( insecticide)
DESCRIPTION:
Propoxur (Baygon¨) is a carbamate insecticide and was introduced in 1959.
Propoxur is a non-systemic insecticide with a fast knockdown and long residual
effect used against turf, forestry, and household pests and fleas. It is also
used in pest control for other domestic animals, Anophelesmosquitoes, ants,
gypsy moths, and other agricultural pests. It can also be used as a
molluscicide.
HEALTH
PROBLEMS: At a minimum, it carries a
substantial risk to fetal development. At worst, exposure to propoxur on a
daily basis for decade after decade after decade (after decade after decade
etc. etc. etc....) will result in chronic toxicity that likely leads to a
multitude of chronic human health problems. In addition, propoxur is deadly in
the environment outside your home. It is a death sentence for birds, aquatic
organisms and bees. Worst of all, if we poison ourselves and the environment
around us to kill the bed bugs we can see at this moment, the likely outcome is
that in the near future we'll be poisoned, the environments around us will be
diminished and the bed bugs will be OK.
NAME: Propyzamide
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (herbicide)
DESCRIPTION:
Propyzamide is a residual herbicide absorbed by plant roots. Application should
be made to firm, moist soils with a fine tilth. Best control is achieved by
treating small black-grass plants, before they begin to tiller. Where
conditions are still relatively warm, or where the population is known to
contain resistant black-grass plants, always apply the highest recommended dose
of propyzamide
HEALTH
PROBLEMS: This product is classified as:
Hazardous according to the criteria of NOHSC Australia. Not a Dangerous Good
according to the Australian Dangerous Goods (ADG) Code. Risk Phrases: R36/38.
It is irritating to eyes and skin. Safety Phrases: S24/25.It is suggested to
avoid contact with skin and eyes.
NAME:
Prothioconazole-desthio
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (fungicide)
DESCRIPTION:
Prothioconazole is a broad-spectrum systemic fungicide produced by Bayer
CropScience for the control of diseases caused by ascomycetes, basidiomycetes,
and deuteromycetes. Prothioconazole may be applied alone or as a tank mix with
other fungicides, insecticides, or herbicides. Application through any type of
irrigation system is prohibited.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
Prothioconazole has low acute toxicity by oral, dermal, and inhalation routes.
It is not a dermal sensitizer, or a skin or eye irritant.
Prothioconazole-desthio also has low acute toxicity by oral, dermal, and
inhalation routes. It is not a dermal sensitizer, or a skin irritant, but it is
a slight eye irritant. Subchronic studies show that the target organs at the
LOAEL include the liver, kidney, urinary bladder, thyroid and blood.
Significant clinical chemistry findings were also made.
NAME: Prothiofos
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (insecticide)
DESCRIPTION: Profenofos and Prothiofos are highly lipid soluble, moderately toxic OP
insecticides. They have an S-alkyl (SÐC3H7) group attached to the phosphorus,
in addition to the more typical OÐC2H5 group. Although in vitrostudies with
human red cells have been done, the consequences of this different structure on
AChE inhibition and reactivation with oximes in vivo are unknown. We therefore
prospectively studied patients with a history of S-alkyl OP poisoning to better
understand its clinical course. Cholinesterase inhibition and re-activation
with pralidoxime was studied in a subgroup of profenofos poisoned patients.
HEALTH
PROBLEMS: Compared with other commonly
used OP insecticides, profenofos and Prothiofos are of moderately severe
toxicity, causing relatively delayed respiratory failure and death. There was
no apparent response to oxime therapy. The lack of correlation between red cell
AChE activity and clinical features suggests that this parameter may not always
be a useful marker of synaptic AChE activity and severity after OP pesticide
poisoning.
NAME: Prothoate
CLASSIFICATION: Pesticide
(insecticide, acaricide)
DESCRIPTION: Prothoate is a chemical pesticide used as an
insecticide and acaricide. The chemical is an organophosphorus compound and
ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The
type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical
involved and the nature of the exposure. The chemical may be absorbed through
the skin.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
This is a highly toxic material capable of causing death or permanent injury
due to exposures during normal use. Small doses at frequent intervals are
additive. Similar to parathion.
NAME: Pyracarbolid
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (fungicide)
DESCRIPTION: It
is commercially available as sicarol. It is effective against rust & smut
& Rhizoctonia Spp.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
The toxicity of leaf deposits of pyracarbolid, mebenil, benodanil and
oxycarboxin decreased by 83, 53, 50 and 41%, respectively after 80 h in
sunlight. The compounds with low photostability (e.g. carboxin, furcarbanil and
cyclafuramid) are recommended mainly for controlling seed- and soil-borne
fungi; pyracarbolid, mebenil, oxycarboxin and benodanil, which proved to be
more photostable, appear to be useful fungicides to control rust diseases.
Among several photochemical decomposition products of carboxin detected, the
sulphoxide and sulphone were identified.
NAME: Pyraclofos
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (insecticide)
DESCRIPTION:
Pyraclofos is an organophosphate anticholinesterase compound that has moderate
acute oral and inhalational toxicity, low dermal toxicity and has an ADI of
0.001 mg/kg/day.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
The product is determined to be of low toxicity by oral and dermal routes, it
is considered to be a skin sensitizer and a slight skin and eye irritant. An
acceptable daily intake (ADI) for pyraclofos is 0.001 mg/kg/day, based on a no
observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 0.1 mg/kg/day and using a safety
factor of 100.
NAME:
Pyraflufen-ethyl
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (herbicide)
DESCRIPTION: This
compound is normally used as a salt or an ester, the identity of which should
be stated, for example pyraflufen-ethyl.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
Pyraflufen-ethyl has low to moderate toxicity from acute exposure and it is not
a dermal sensitizer. The liver, kidney, and possibly the hematopoietic system
are the target organs for pyraflufen-ethyl in the rat and/or the mouse. There
is no evidence of increased sensitivity to the young in developmental and
reproductive studies with pyraflufen- ethyl. Pyraflufen-ethyl was not shown to
be mutagenic in a battery of tests. Pyraflufen-ethyl was classified as ``Likely
to be carcinogenic to humans'' based on male mouse hepatocellular adenomas,
carcinomas and/or hepatoblastomas (combined) observed in the mouse
carcinogenicity study.
NAME: Pyrazon
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (insecticide)
DESCRIPTION:
Pyrazon [5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone], also known as
chloridazon, is an herbicide belonging to the pyridazinone class of pesticides.
It works as an herbicide by blocking electron transport in photosystem II in
green plants, thereby inhibiting photosynthesis. Pyrazon is registered for
pre-plant, preemergence, and early post-emergence use on sugar beets and red
table beets to control certain weeds. Approximately 10% of the U.S. sugar beet
crop and 50% of the U.S. table beet crop are treated with pyrazon annually.
Pyrazon is also registered for commercial use on ornamentals, including bulb
crops and roses.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
Pyrazon is considered to be of low toxicity without highly specific responses
in mammals. Pyrazon has low (category III/IV) acute toxicity via the oral,
dermal, and inhalation routes of exposure. It is not an eye or skin irritant
(category IV) and does not cause dermal sensitization. In longer-term studies,
reduced body weight associated with reduced food consumption appears to be the
most significant effect of pyrazon exposure in laboratory animals. At higher
doses, conditions such as poor general appearance and some motor effects
considered to be associated with poor nutrition are noted in rats. No systemic
effects resulted from dermal exposure to pyrazon. Pyrazon is classified as Ònot
likely to be a carcinogen in humans.Ó
NAME: Pyrazophos
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (fungicide)
DESCRIPTION:
Pyrazophos is an organophosphorus systemic fungicide used on a wide range of
crops and cereals in the control of powdery mildew. Pyrazophos was scheduled
for evaluation at the 1985 Joint Meeting
but the data base available at that time was insufficient for the
estimation of an ADI.
HEALTH
PROBLEMS: Five healthy humans
received 0.15 mg/kg bw of Pyrazophos daily
for 10 days. Other 6 subjects received 0.15 mg/kg bw of Pyrazophos for 3 days, followed by 7 daily doses of
0.07 mg/kg bw. Another 11 subjects received 0.07 mg/kg bw of Pyrazophos for 10
days. Pyrazophos was always administered orally, in orange juice, at breakfast.
Males and females were similarly represented in the groups. Controls received orange juice
only. The great majority of controls were the same subjects who had previously
taken Pyrazophos.
NAME: Pyrene
CLASSIFICATION:
Organic electroluminescence materials (a coal tar derivative)
DESCRIPTION:
Pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) consisting of four fused
benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system. This colourless solid is
the smallest peri-fused PAH (one where the rings are fused through more than
one face). Pyrene forms during incomplete combustion of organic compounds. Due
to extended pi-electron cloud overlaps, organometallic molecules or aromatic
oligometers such as anthracene exhibit semiconductor properties. Conductive
polymers have extended delocalized bonds that creates electrical conductivity
when charge carriers generated make positive charges (holes) and negative
charges (electrons) move to opposite electrodes. Doping is the intentional
impurities in a pure semiconductor to generate charge carriers. The
transportation of charges is responsible for fluorescence and electrical
energy. These can form well-ordered thin crystalline films. Organic
semiconductors have some merits of self-radiation, flexibility, lightweight,
easy fabrication, and low cost. Organic electroluminescence materials have lead
to the rapid development of photovoltaic and display devices such as organic
solar cells, biosensitizers, OLED(Organic Light Emiting Diode), OTFT(Organic
Thin Film Transistor), Wearable Display, and e-Paper. Some examples of organic
electroluminescence materials are Oligomer Electro Luminescence Materials
o
8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum
o Anthracene
o Pentacene
o Penyl
substituent cyclopentadiene derivatives
o Phthaloperinone
derivatives
o Perylene
derivatives
o Rubrene
Polymer Electro
Luminescence Materials
o Polyanilines
o
Poly(p-phenylenevinylene)s
o
Poly(thiophene)s
o
Poly(alkylfluorene)s
o
Poly(acetylene)s
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
Although it is not as problematic as benzopyrene, animal studies have shown
pyrene is toxic to the kidneys and the liver.
NAME: Pyrethrin
I
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (insecticide)
DESCRIPTION:
Pyrethrin I is one of the two pyrethrins, naturalorganic compounds with potent
insecticidal activity. It is an ester of (+)-Trans-chrysanthemic acid with
(S)-(Z)-pyrethrolone. The pyrethrins are a pair of natural organic compounds
that have potent insecticidal activity.Pyrethrin I and pyrethrin II are
structurally relatedesters with a cyclopropane core, (+)-trans-chrysanthemic
acid in the case of pyrethrin I. They differ by the oxidation stateof one
carbon. They are viscous liquids that oxidize to become inactivated. They are
non-persistent, being biodegradable, and break down on exposure to light or
oxygen. The chemical structure of pyrethrins is the basis for a variety of
synthetic insecticides called pyrethroids such asbifenthrin, permethrin, and
cypermethrin.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
Synthetic pyrethroid compounds vary in their toxicity as do the natural
pyrethrins. Pyrethrum carries the signal word CAUTION. Inhaling high levels of
pyrethrum may bring about asthmatic breathing, sneezing, nasal stuffiness,
headache, nausea, incoordination, tremors, convulsions, facial flushing and
swelling, and burning and itching sensations .The most severe poisonings have
been reported in infants, who are not able to efficiently break down pyrethrum.
The lowest lethal oral dose of pyrethrum is 750 mg/kg for children and 1,000
mg/kg for adults. Oral LD50 values of pyrethrins in rats range from 200 mg/kg
to greater than 2,600 mg/kg. Some of this variability is due to the variety of
constituents in the formulation. Mice have a pyrethrum oral LD50 of 370 mg/kg
.Animals exposed to toxic amounts may experience tongue and lip numbness,
nausea, and diarrhea. Symptoms may also include incoordination, tremors,
convulsions, paralysis, respiratory failure, and death.
NAME: Pyrethrin
II
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (insecticides)
DESCRIPTION:
Pyrethrins are natural insecticides produced by certain species of the
chrysanthemum plant. The flowers of the plant are harvested shortly after
blooming and are either dried or powdered or the oils within the flowers are
extracted with solvents. The resulting pyrethrin containing dusts and extracts
usually have an active ingredient content of about 30%. These active
insecticidal components are collectively known as pyrethrins. Two pyrethrins
are most prominent, pyrethrin-I and pyrethrin-II. The pyrethrins have another
four different active ingredients, Cinerin I and II and Jasmolin I and II.
Pyrethrin compounds have been used primarily to control human lice, mosquitoes,
cockroaches, beetles and flies. Some "pyrethrin dusts," used to
control insects in horticultural crops, are only 0.3% to 0.5% pyrethrins, and
are used at rates of up to 50 lb/A. Other pyrethrin compounds may be used in
grain storage and in poultry pens and on dogs and cats to control lice and
fleas.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
Synthetic pyrethroid compounds vary in their toxicity as do the natural
pyrethrins. Pyrethrum carries the signal word CAUTION. Inhaling high levels of
pyrethrum may bring about asthmatic breathing, sneezing, nasal stuffiness,
headache, nausea, incoordination, tremors, convulsions, facial flushing and
swelling, and burning and itching sensations. The most severe poisonings have
been reported in infants, who are not able to efficiently break down pyrethrum.
The lowest lethal oral dose of pyrethrum is 750 mg/kg for children and 1,000
mg/kg for adults. Oral LD50 values of pyrethrins in rats range from 200 mg/kg
to greater than 2,600 mg/kg. Some of this variability is due to the variety of
constituents in the formulation. Mice have a pyrethrum oral LD50 of 370 mg/kg.
Animals exposed to toxic amounts may experience tongue and lip numbness,
nausea, and diarrhea. Symptoms may also include incoordination, tremors,
convulsions, paralysis, respiratory failure, and death.
NAME:
Pyributicarb
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (herbicide)
DESCRIPTION:
Pyributicarb (CAS NO. 88678-67-5) is a thio-carbamate herbicides, which has
high herbicidal activityon annual grass weeds , especially in the bud or
postgermination after application , has excellent effect on controlling in
pyributicarb's growth.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
A study was carried out to investigate a time course for the concentrations of
herbicides in river water used as a source of tap water. The four herbicides
monitored by GC-MS were esprocarb, thiobencarb, pyributicarb and pretirachlor,
which were mainly used in paddy fields on rice planting. On the monitoring from
9 May to 28 August 1998 at Chitose river, the herbicides were detected from
middle May to last of June and the pretirachlor concentration of 5.41 ng/ml was
the maximum value observed. From the result, there is a probability that the
herbicides for rice puddy fields pollute a tap water source at a high
concentration and during a short period. Therefore, the monitoring on these
agricultural chemicals during a fixed period seems to be important to supply
safe tap water. On GC-MS analysis of the herbicides, we detected an unexpected
peak on the chromatograms, which was considered to be an oxon-form of
pyributicarb (pyributi-oxon). The retention time and mass spectrum of
pyributi-oxon completely agreed with those of authentic sample newly
synthesized. Pyributi-oxon was detected in river water at higher concentration
than that of pyributicarb during some period. In conclusion, it was revealed
that pyributicarb was easily converted into pyributi-oxon by oxidation under
environmental condition. Therefore, it seems to be important to study on the
safty of pyributi-oxon in order to estimate the influence of pyributicarb in
environment.
NAME: Pyridaben
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (insecticide, acaricide)
DESCRIPTION:
Pyridaben is a selective contact insecticide and miticide, also effective
against thrips, aphids, whiteflies and leafhopprs. Registrations are for pome
fruits, almonds, citrus, ornamentals and greenhouse ornamentals. Pyridaben
provides exceptionally long residual control, and rapid knockdown at a broad
range of temperatures. Pyridaben is one of four important synthetic
heterocyclic insecticides and miticides with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase as
the target
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
Pyridaben has been studied for toxicity and the results have shown it to be of
moderate toxicity. No mortality occurred and there minimum signs in
percutaneous tests. Major clinical signs observed were decreased spontaneous
activity, abnormal gait, prone/recumbent posture, eye closing, pyloerection and
bradypnea. The surviving animal returned to normality. In the inhalation test,
there mortalities within one day.
NAME:
Pyridate
CLASSIFICATION:
herbicide
DESCRIPTION:
Pyridate belongs to the pyridazine group whose herbicidal properties were first
reported in 1976. The members of this group of herbicides are inhibitors of
plant growth and control a wide spectrum of weeds. Pyridate is rapidly absorbed
by leaves. Once inside the sensitive weed species, activity is evident by
marginal yellowing, followed by browning and yellowing of the entire leaf. This
visible evidence generally occurs within 4-7 days of application. Activity is
more rapid at higher temperatures and under good growing conditions. Crop
tolerance is due to the rapid inactivation of Pyridate by the crop.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
Pyridate has low acute, oral, dermal and inhalation toxicities in rats and/or
rabbits. Studies indicate that Pyridate is not mutagenic or teratogenic and
exhibits low toxicity to fish, wildlife and honeybees. Subchronic feeding and
reproduction studies as well as chronic feeding studies in rats, mice, and dogs
are also favorable. The data indicate that when Pyridate is used in corn and
tomatoes, in accordance with label directions, residues are not considered to
pose a hazard to consumers.
NAME:
Pyridinitril
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticides (fungicide)
DESCRIPTION:
Synonyms are ddpp;culvan;it-3296;PYRIDINITRIL;Pyridinitrile;pyridinitrile
(bsi,iso);2,6-dichlor-4-phenylpyridin-3,5-dicarbonitril;2,6-dichloro-4-phenyl-5-pyridinedicarbonitrile;2,6-dichloro-4-phenylpyridinedicarbonitrile-3,5;2,6-Dichloro-4-phenyl-3,5-pyridine
carbonitrile. Molecular Formula: C13H5Cl2N3.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
Seven pyrimethanil salts were synthesized by organic base containing nitrogen
atom reacting with substituted pyridine acids. They are reported for the first
time. Their structures have been confirmed by IR, 1H NMR and elemental
analysis. The preliminary toxicity tests indicated that most of them exhibited
excellent fungicidal activities.
NAME: Pyrifenox I
CLASSIFICATION: Pesticide (fungicide)
DESCRIPTION:
Pyrifenox is a fungicide. A fungicide for the control of powdery mildew, scab
and other fungal pathogens on a range of crops. Pyrifenox, a new pyridine
derivative, proved to be an inhibitor of ergosterol biosynthesis, blocking the
pathway at the C-14 demethylation step in Ustilago maydis (CD.) Cor da. In
treated sporidia the incorporation of [1-14C]acetic acid into ergosterol and
squalene was reduced and the incorporation into sterols which retain the C-14
methyl group, mainly 24-methylenedihydrolanosterol and obtusifoliol, was
increased. In addition, treatment with pyrifenox markedly reduced the
incorporation into sterol esters. It is possible that the methylated sterols
may be unsuitable substrates for the esterification enzyme.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
No toxicity was detectable up to the limit of solubility of triforine. Slightly
hazardous.
NAME: Pyrifenox
II
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (fungicide)
DESCRIPTION:
Synonyms are RONDO;Corado;DORADO;NRK ;Podigrol;ACR 3651;PYRIFENOX;ro15-1297;Pyriphenox, 297;POLIGROL.
Slightly viscous, tan liquid with mild aromatic odor. bp0.1 >150¡. vapor
pressure at 25¡: 1.4 « 10-5 torr. Soly (at 20¡) in water at pH 7: 115 mg/l; in
hexane: <1 g/l; in acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform, diethyl ether, DMF,
isopropyl alcohol, toluene: >250 g/l. LD50 in rats (mg/kg): 950 i.p.; 2900
orally; >5000 dermally; LC50 by inhalation in rats: >2.05 mg/l (Zobrist).
Pyrifenox, a new pyridine derivative, proved to be an inhibitor of ergosterol
biosynthesis, blocking the pathway at the C-14 demethylation step in Ustilago
maydis (CD.) Cor da. In treated sporidia the incorporation of [1-14C]acetic
acid into ergosterol and squalene was reduced and the incorporation into
sterols which retain the C-14 methyl group, mainly
24-methylenedihydrolanosterol and obtusifoliol, was increased. In addition,
treatment with pyrifenox markedly reduced the incorporation into sterol esters.
It is possible that the methylated sterols may be unsuitable substrates for the
esterification enzyme. Boiling point: bp0.1 >150¡
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
LD50 in rats (mg/kg): 950 i.p.; 2900 orally; >5000 dermally; LC50 by
inhalation in rats: >2.05 mg/l (Zobrist). Slightly hazardous.
NAME: Pyriftalid
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (herbicide)
DESCRIPTION:
English name, Pyriftalid. Ring-ethyl ester was developed by Syngenta pyramiding
salicylic acid herbicides. Is mainly used for rice and other grass Control in
barnyard grass weeds, use a dose of 100 ~ 300g ai/hm2, residual time in soil 38
days of rice and post-crop safety. Ring-ethyl ester and other pyramiding
compounds, like salicylic acid is acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
TC-ethyl ester in rat acute oral LD50> 5000mg/kg, acute dermal
LD50> 2000mg/kg, acute inhalation LC50> 5540mg/m3; rabbit skin,
eye irritation; guinea pig skin allergy ( allergenicity) test result is
non-allergenic; rat subchronic feeding toxicity test 90d maximal no-effect
dose: male rats were 23.8mg/kg d, female rats were used as 25.5mg/kg d. 4
mutagenicity tests: Ames test, mouse bone marrow micronucleus test in vivo UDS
test in vitro mammalian cell chromosome aberration test were negative, no
mutagenic effect.
NAME: Pyrimidifen
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (acaricide and insecticide)
DESCRIPTION: Pyrimidifen
(Miteclean¨) is a new acaricide and insecticide jointly developed by Sankyo
Company, Limited and Ube Industries, Limited. This chemical is remarkably
effective against a wide range of mites which are Tharmful to fruits,
vegetables and tea and against the diamondback moth which is harmful to
brassica vegetable. Official tests have been conducted in Japan since1988,
leading to the pesticide registration of this chemical approved by Japanese
authority in April, 1995.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
Instillation of Pyrimidifen technical (about 46 mg/eye) into the eyes of one
male and five female New Zealand White rabbits caused slight irritant effects
of transient conjunctival inflammation, being, however, reversible within 3
days. Formulation (4%-SC, 0.1 ml/eye, six male New Zealand White rabbits)
caused slight conjunctival irritation. Full recovery was observed within 2
days. Furthermore, there was no positive response, corneal damage or iridial
inflammation in 1000-fold dilution of4%-SC formulation (0.1 ml/eye, one male
and five female New Zealand White rabbits) which is a practical dosage. It's
instillation elicited temporary mild conjunctival irritation only.
NAME:
Pyriminobac-methyl (E)
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (herbicide)
DESCRIPTION:
Methyl E: Methyl E is a completely new and unique proanabolic to hit the sports
supplement market. Methyl E (2a,3a Epithio-17a
-methyl-17b-hydroxy-5a-androstane) is a chemical analog of a steroidal
aromatase inhibitor used safely internationally for decades.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
Oral Acute oral LD50 for rats 6099 mg/kg. Skin and eye Acute percutaneous LD50 for rats >3100 mg/kg. Moderate
irritant to skin; non-irritant to eyes (rabbits). Inhalation LC50 (4 h) for rats >2.8 mg/l
air. NOEL (2 y) for rats 30, mice 300
ppm; (0.5 y) for dogs 300 ppm. ADI 0.018
mg/kg. Toxicity class WHO (a.i.) III
(Table 5) EC hazard (R38, R43).
NAME: Pyriminobac-methyl (Z)
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (herbicide)
DESCRIPTION:
Molecular weight:361.4; Physical form:White powder; ( tech., pale yellow
grains). Density:(E)- isomer 1.3868; (Z)- isomer 1.2734 (both 20 ¡C);
Composition:Tech. is >93%: (E)- isomer 75-78%, (Z)- isomer 20-11%. Melting
point:Tech. 105 ¡C; pure (E)- isomer 107-109 ¡C; pure (Z)- isomer 70 ¡C; Vapour
pressure:(E)- isomer 3.5 ? 10-2 mPa (25 ¡C); (Z)- isomer 2.681 ?10-2 mPa (25
¡C); Partition coefficient(n-octanol and water):(E)- isomer, logP = 2.98 (21.5
¡C); (Z)- isomer, logP = 2.70 (20.6 ¡C); Solubility:(E)- isomer: in water
0.00925, methanol 14.6 (both in g/l, 20 ¡C). (Z)- isomer: in water 0.175,
methanol 14.0 (both in g/l, 20 ¡C).; Stability: Stable in water (>1 y, pH
4-9), to light, and to heat (not decomposed after 14 d at 55 ¡C);Ê
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
Signal Word: CAUTION; Hazard Class: III(Slightly hazardous)
NAME:
Pyriproxyfen
CLASSIFICATION: Pesticide (insecticide)
DESCRIPTION:
Pyriproxyfen is a pyridine based pesticide which is found to be effective
against a variety of arthropoda. It was introduced to the US in 1996 to protect
cotton crops against whitefly. It has also found useful for protecting other
crops. It is also being used as a prevention for fleas on household pets, and
is one of three main ingredients in the product called Vectra 3D¨ produced by
Summit VetPharm¨. Pyriproxyfen is a juvenile hormone analogue, preventing
larvae from developing into adulthood and thus rendering them unable to
reproduce.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
Synthetic pyrethroid compounds vary in their toxicity as do the natural
pyrethrins. Pyrethrum carries the signal word CAUTION. Inhaling high levels of
pyrethrum may bring about asthmatic breathing, sneezing, nasal stuffiness,
headache, nausea, incoordination, tremors, convulsions, facial flushing and
swelling, and burning and itching sensations . The most severe poisonings have
been reported in infants, who are not able to efficiently break down pyrethrum.
The lowest lethal oral dose of pyrethrum is 750 mg/kg for children and 1,000
mg/kg for adults . Oral LD50 values of pyrethrins in rats range from 200 mg/kg
to greater than 2,600 mg/kg . Some of this variability is due to the variety of
constituents in the formulation. Mice have a pyrethrum oral LD50 of 370 mg/kg .
Animals exposed to toxic amounts may experience tongue and lip numbness,
nausea, and diarrhea. Symptoms may also include incoordination, tremors,
convulsions, paralysis, respiratory failure, and death.
NAME: Pyroquilon
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (fungicide)
DESCRIPTION: It is a fungicide for control of rice blast;
seed treatment. The effect of pyroquilon. an inhibitor of meianin synthesis. on
the sporulation and secondary infection of Magnaporthe grisea spores was
investigated. Spore formation of M. grisea was significantly inhibited on the
pyroquilon-containing medium. but mycelial growth was not impaired. Moreover,
although the colour of the spore suspension obtained from control medium
without pyroquilon was black, the suspension prepared from spores which had
grown on the pyroquilon-containing medium was red-brown. The cell walls of the
spores consisted of two layers. the outer of which was highly electron-dense
and saw-like in cross section, regardless of treatment. Both the outer and the
inner layers of the cell walls of spores which had grown on
pyroquilon-containing medium were thin compared with those of control spores.
When M. grisea spores which had formed on the pyroquilon-containing medium were
inoculated onto rice leaf sheaths, red brown appressoria were formed. Compared
with the control, appressorial penetration and hyphal growth in the host cells
were inhibited. The inhibitory effect pyroquilon exerted upon the infection
behavior of M. grisea spores was dependent on the dose of the chemical.
HEALTH
PROBLEMS: Oral: Acute oral LD50 for rats
321, mice 581 mg/ kg. Percutaneous:Acute percutaneous LD50 for rats >3100
mg/kg. Not a skin irritant; minimal eye irritant (rabbits). Not a skin
sensitizer (guinea pigs). Inhalation: LC50 (4 h) for rats >5100 mg/m3.
Animals:After oral administration, pyroquilon is rapidly metabolised and
eliminated via urine and faeces. Residues in tissues were generally low, and
there was no evidence for accumulation or retention of pyroquilon or its
metabolites.Soil: DT50 (silty soil) 2 w, (sandy loam) 18 w. Kd 1.3-42µg/g soil,
little to moderately mobile. Photolysis in water, DT50 10 d.Plant:Major
metabolites in rice grain were 3,4-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-oxoquinoline-8-acetic
acid and two other acetic acid derivatives.
NAME: Quinoclamine
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (herbicide)
DESCRIPTION:
Quinoclamine is an herbicide under development for control of liverwort, a weed
common in nursery crops. With respect to liverwort control, Quinoclamine has
been considered to primarily have POST activity. However, some PRE activity has
been reported. Growth media sorption studies with 14C-quinoclamine indicate
that only 0.64% of the Quinoclamine amount that enters the media remains
unadsorbed and thus available to be taken up by established plants or
propagules. Computer modeling revealed that a large portion of the surface of
the Quinoclamine molecule is positively charged, which likely is the reason for
its high adsorptivity. In a simulation of PRE activity, hydroponically grown
liverwort and germinating gemmae were exposed to increasing quinoclamine
concentrations. Phytotoxicity to both plants and gemmae was obtained with a
minimal concentration of 4 to 6 mg L?1. Based upon the projected use rate, and
assuming minimal vertical infiltration depth, the theoretical concentration of
quinoclamine within the aqueous phase of a pine bark substrate would be
approximately 8 mg L?1. In toto, results indicate that the projected use rate
will result in sufficient quinoclamine in the aqueous phase of a pine bark
substrate to provide PRE control of gemmae propagules as well as to contribute
to the efficacy of POST applications to established liverwort.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
The acute oral toxicity of quinoclamine is moderate (R22 Harmful if swallowed)
but the acute toxicity by inhalation or dermal application is low. The
substance is irritating to the eyes (R36 Irritant to eyes) but not to the skin,
and has sensitizing properties (R43 May
cause sensitization by skin contact). Indications of haemolytic anaemia are
observed in the short term studies in rats and dogs. Quinoclamine does not show
a genotoxic or carcinogenic potential, but some teratogenic effects were
observed and lead to the proposed classification Repro cat. 3, R63 Possible
risk of harm to the unborn child. The acceptable daily intake (ADI) is 0.002
mg/kg bw/day, the acceptable operator exposure level (AOEL) is 0.03 mg/kg
bw/day and the acute reference dose (ARfD) is 0.05 mg/kg bw. The dermal
absorption values are 6.52% for the concentrate and the low dilution, and 10%
for the high dilution. The operator exposure estimates in field or greenhouse
are below the AOEL only when personal protective equipment is used. Preliminary
estimates of children exposure show that the AOEL might be exceeded when the
exposure occurs on the day of treatment.
NAME:
Rotenone
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (insecticide)
DESCRIPTION:
Rotenone is a selective, non-specific insecticide with some acaricidal
properties. Rotenone is used in home gardens for insect control, for lice and
tick control on pets and for fish eradications as part of water body
management. The use of the pesticide for control of fish and in cranberries is
restricted by the Environmental Protection Agency.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
Rotenone, when formulated as an emulsified concentrate, is highly toxic and
carries the signal word DANGER on its label. Other forms of the insecticide are
slightly toxic and require the signal word CAUTION instead.Local effects on the
body include conjunctivitis, dermatitis, sore throat, and congestion. Ingestion
produces effects ranging from mild irritation to vomiting. Inhalation can cause
increased respiration followed by depression and convulsions. The compound is a
strong eye irritant to rabbits. The oral LD50 of rotenone ranges from 132 to
1,500 mg/kg in rats. Humans are believed to be fairly susceptible to the
compound with an oral lethal dose estimated from 300 to 500 mg/kg . No human
fatalities have been reported, perhaps because rotenone is usually sold in low
concentrations (1-5% formulation) and because its irritating action causes
prompt vomiting.
NAME: S,S,S-Tributylphosphorotrit
CLASSIFICATION:
Cotton defoliant
DESCRIPTION: The
only registered use of S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) has been as a
cotton defoliant. n-Butyl mercaptan (nBM) is a volatile degradation product of
DEF that has a strong skunk-like odor. nBM is produced both during the
manufacture of DEF formulations and after application of DEF in the
environment. The odor threshold for DEF in humans is approximately0.01 to 0.1
ppb. Due to public concerns about the odor associated with the use of DEF, the
concentration of nBM in formulations of DEF sold or used in California was
limited to less than0.1%. Despite the use of low-odor formulations, complaints
from residents have continued. Public health concerns were also raised because of
evidence that DEF caused delayed neuropathy. This health assessment addresses
the potential health effects from exposure of the general public to DEF in
ambient air due to its use as a cotton defoliant.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
The acute adverse health effects of DEF in experimental animals are due
primarily to its inhibition of various esterases including cholinesterase (ChE)
and neuropathy target esterase. The clinical signs observed include both
cholinergic signs and delayed neuropathy. Hematological changes were also seen
with acute exposure to DEF. Although the technical grade DEF was only mildly
irritating to the eyes and skin, the DEF 6 formulation is corrosive to the skin
and is a severe eye irritant. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL)
selected by DPR toxicologists for evaluating the acute exposure to DEF in
ambient air was 12.2 mg/m3 (2.9 mg/kg) based on reduced motility, bradypnea,
piloerection, ungroomed coat, vocalization, irregular breathing, increased
startle response observed at 59.5 mg/m3 (14.3 mg/kg) after 1-3 days of exposure
for 6 hours/day.
NAME: Silafluofen
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (insecticide, termiticide)
DESCRIPTION: It
is a brand-new organic pesticide containing a fluorine atom and stable in most
conditions. It has powerful contacting and stomach poisoning effect. It has
repellant activity to white ant and widely used on tea plant, fruiter, paddy
etc. to kill varieties of insects. It applies to preparation but to crops or
public areas directly.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
Its toxicity varies depending on the type and degree of exposure. Prognosis can
be improved by prompt treatment.
NAME: Simazine
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (herbicide)
DESCRIPTION:
Simazine is a selective triazine herbicide. It is used to control broad- leaved
weeds and annual grasses in field, berry fruit, vegetable and ornamental crops,
on turf grass, and in orchards and vineyards. At higher rates, it is used for
nonselective weed control in industrial areas. Before 1992, Simazine was used
to control submerged weeds and algae in large aquariums, farm ponds, fish
hatcheries, swimming pools, ornamental ponds and cooling towers. Simazine is
available in wettable powder, water dispersible granule, liquid and granular
formulations
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
Simazine is highly toxic if inhaled, moderately toxic if ingested, and slightly
toxic via dermal exposure . No cases of poisoning in humans have been reported
from ingestion of Simazine. Rats given an oral dose of 5,000 mg/kg exhibited
drowsiness and irregular breathing. A single oral dose of 4,200 mg/kg produced
anorexia, weight loss and some deaths in rats within 4 to 10 days.
NAME:
Simeconazole
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (fungicide)
DESCRIPTION: A
broad spectrum biofungicide used to control a range of diseases in particular
Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn and Blumeria graminis on rice, fruit, soya and
vegetables
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
No human health hazards are available .The excretion, tissue distribution and
metabolic fate of simeconazole
[(RS)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-3-trimethylsilyl
propane-2-ol] in rats were studied by administering 14C-labeled simeconazole
orally to male and female rats at 5 mg/kg b.w. (low dose) and 70 mg/kg b.w.
(high dose). The simeconazole was readily absorbed and most of the
radioactivity was excreted in the urine and feces within three days. The blood
radioactivity level reached a maximum at 4Ð8 hr and 1Ð2 hr post-dosing in male
and female rats, respectively. The radioactivity in the tissues and organs
rapidly decreased with time. Simeconazole was initially metabolized to M1, the
hydroxymethyl metabolite. M1 was further metabolized to glucuronide, sulfate,
silanols and various dessiloxane compounds. © Pesticide Science Society of
Japan.
NAME: Spirodiclofen
CLASSIFICATION: Pesticide (acaricide, insecticide)
DESCRIPTION:
Spirodiclofen is a tetronic acid with acaricidal action. It acts by interfering
with mite development, thereby controlling such pests as Panonychus spp.,
Phyllocoptruta spp., Brevipalpus spp., and Aculus and Tetranychus species.
Spirodiclofen is active by contact to mite eggs, all nymphal stages, and adult
females (adult males are not affected). Spirodiclofen is structurally similar
to spiromesifen, which is also a tetronic acid insecticide.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
Technical Spirodiclofen has a low acute toxicity via oral, dermal, or
inhalation routes. It is not an eye or dermal irritant.
NAME:
Spiromesifen
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (insecticide)
DESCRIPTION:
Spiromesifen is an insecticide that inhibits the synthesis of lipids and, in
Mexico, its use against the Tomato-Potato Psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli
(Sulc), on chili pepper (Capsicum annum), tomato (Lycopersicon sculentum) and
potato (Solanum tuberosum) began in 2005; however, more information is needed
to understand its toxicity on this insect pest
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
Evaluation of the acute toxicity studies indicates that these Spiromesifen
products are low in mammalian toxicity. DPR toxicologists determined that the
differences in formulations between the two end-use products and BSN 2060 were
unlikely to be of toxicological concern. Acute toxicity studies conducted with
BSN 2060 are suitable for bridging to the two end-use products. The
precautionary language on the product labels adequately identifies the acute
toxicity hazards noted in the studies.
NAME: Spiroxamine
I
CLASSIFICATION:
Pesticide (fungicide)
DESCRIPTION:
Spiroxamine is a fungicide widely used on farm crops.
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
The dose at which no adverse effects are observed (the NOAEL) from the
toxicology study identified as appropriate for use in risk assessment is used
to estimate the toxicological level of concern (LOC). However, the lowest dose
at which adverse effects of concern are identified (the LOAEL) is sometimes
used for risk assessment if no NOAEL was achieved in the toxicology study
selected. An uncertainty factor (UF) is applied to reflect uncertainties
inherent in the extrapolation from laboratory animal data to humans and in the
variations in sensitivity among members of the human population as well as
other unknowns. An UF of 100 is routinely used, 10X to account for interspecies
differences and 10X for intraspecies differences.
Contaminant Facts: Pesticides